Curated Collection

Religion & Mysticism

Thinkers and essays gathered around this school of thought.

24Thinkers
6Thoughts
60Major Works
84Archive Entries
Modern · ContemporaryTime Period
Featured Thinker

Malcolm X

Examines dignity, rage, discipline, religion, self-defense, and the evolution of political consciousness.

“Black nationalism must be examined, not inherited.”
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Across time

A history of Religion & Mysticism

1207–1273

Rumi

Medieval

c. 1315–1390

Hafez

Classical

Voices

Thinkers

c. 1797–1883

Sojourner Truth

Speaks from lived authority about freedom, gender, faith, and the demand to be recognized as human.

African American Thought · Ethics · Feminist Thought
1858–1917

Émile Durkheim

Shows how norms, rituals, and institutions make society more than a collection of individuals.

Ethics · Modern Thought · Religion & Mysticism
1864–1920

Max Weber

Explains modernity through rationalization, bureaucracy, legitimacy, and the iron cage of systems.

Economics · Political Philosophy · Religion & Mysticism
1935–present

The Dalai Lama

Frames compassion and interdependence as foundations for personal and global ethics.

Eastern Philosophy · Ethics · Political Philosophy
1870–1966

D.T. Suzuki

Explains Zen as direct experience beyond conceptual grasp, while shaping global modern Buddhism.

Comparative Philosophy · Eastern Philosophy · Psychology
1870–1945

Kitaro Nishida

Bridges Zen-inflected thought and Western philosophy through experience, place, and nothingness.

Eastern Philosophy · Metaphysics · Modern Philosophy
c. 369–286 BCE

Zhuangzi

Uses stories and paradox to loosen rigid identities, judgments, and human pretensions.

Ancient Philosophy · Eastern Philosophy · Metaphysics
1200–1253

Dōgen

Treats practice, time, body, and awakening as inseparable rather than abstract doctrine.

Eastern Philosophy · Ethics · Metaphysics
1858–1922

Pandita Ramabai

Centers women’s learning, religious conscience, and practical care in social reform.

Education · Feminist Thought · Indian Thought
1058–1111

Al-Ghazali

Tests reason until it breaks, then asks how certainty, practice, and spiritual discipline relate.

Ethics · Islamic Thought · Philosophy
1165–1240

Ibn Arabi

Explores reality as layered presence, symbol, imagination, love, and divine disclosure.

Islamic Thought · Metaphysics · Poetry
c. 1315–1390

Hafez

Uses beauty, irony, and symbolic intoxication to unsettle hypocrisy and awaken longing.

Islamic Thought · Language & Meaning · Poetry
1872–1950

Sri Aurobindo

Connects consciousness, evolution, politics, and spiritual practice into a vast integral philosophy.

Indian Thought · Metaphysics · Political Philosophy
1929–1968

Martin Luther King Jr.

Connects nonviolence, Christian ethics, democratic justice, economic dignity, and moral urgency.

African American Thought · Ethics · Political Philosophy
1925–1965

Malcolm X

Examines dignity, rage, discipline, religion, self-defense, and the evolution of political consciousness.

African American Thought · Anti-Colonial Thought · Political Philosophy
1929–present

Alasdair MacIntyre

Argues that modern moral argument is fragmented without traditions of virtue and shared practices.

Ethics · Political Philosophy · Religion & Mysticism
1931–present

Charles Taylor

Explores how identity, morality, religion, and recognition are shaped by modern social worlds.

Ethics · Political Philosophy · Religion & Mysticism
1828–1910

Leo Tolstoy

Explores conscience, moral conversion, violence, simplicity, faith, and the tension between social status and ethical truth.

Ethics · Literature · Political Philosophy
1821–1881

Fyodor Dostoevsky

Interrogates guilt, freedom, suffering, faith, rebellion, and the dangerous depth of the human soul.

Existentialism · Literature · Psychology
1931–2021

Desmond Tutu

Reflects on ubuntu, forgiveness, truth-telling, reconciliation, apartheid, theology, and moral courage after collective trauma.

African Thought · Ethics · Political Philosophy
1207–1273

Rumi

Approaches love, longing, ego, spiritual transformation, poetry, paradox, and the soul’s movement toward union.

Ethics · Islamic Philosophy · Poetry
1895–1986

Jiddu Krishnamurti

Questions authority, conditioning, fear, thought, education, freedom, and whether truth can belong to any organization.

Education · Indian Thought · Psychology
1933–present

Seyyed Hossein Nasr

Defends sacred science, tradition, metaphysics, ecology, perennial wisdom, and the spiritual critique of modern reductionism.

Ecology · Islamic Philosophy · Metaphysics
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abolitionwomen’s rightsfaithdignitytestimonysocial factssolidarityanomieritualcollective conscience
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